Chapter 34

Precision Viticulture

Global Navigation Satellite System

The successful application of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) in precision viticulture (PV) has revolutionized grape growing practices, offering significant benefits in improved efficiency, productivity, and sustainability. The Global navigation satellite system (GNSS) is the standard generic term for satellite navigation systems that provide autonomous geospatial positioning with global coverage. GNSS technologies, such as global positioning system (GPS), GLONASS, Galileo, and BeiDou, have been widely adopted in PV applications worldwide. In conjunction with geographic information systems (GIS), GNSS receivers enable the precise determination of vineyard boundaries and the accurate mapping of field features, including roadways, irrigation systems, and drainage networks.

Global Positioning System

Satellite navigation is based on a global network of satellites that revolve around the Earth in a precise orbit. The satellite constellation most people are familiar with is the United States global positioning system (GPS). At the time of this publication, the GPS constellation comprises 31 operational satellites that orbit the Earth twice daily. These satellites are positioned so that a user can view at least four satellites from any location on Earth. Each satellite transmits a unique signal and orbital information that enable GPS devices to calculate your location by measuring the time it takes for the signal to travel from the satellite to the GPS receiver.

Correction Techniques for GPS Errors

The GPS of satellites enables persons with standard GPS receivers to determine their location with an accuracy of approximately 5 meters. When more precise locations are needed, errors in GPS data must be corrected. Several methods for correcting GPS data have been developed. Some can correct the data in real-time (differential GPS and the wide area augmentation system). Others apply the corrections after the GPS data has been collected (post-processing).

Applications of GNSS in Precision Viticulture

GNSS/GPS is one of the foundation technologies in precision viticulture. Because vineyards are often planted on complex terrains (hillsides, valleys, slopes), accurate geolocation is essential for vineyard layout, management, and monitoring.

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